🇲🇰

North Macedonia

📍 Europe & Central Asia💼 Upper middle income📊 1355 indicators available

North Macedonia has a population of 1.8M (2024), GDP per capita of 9,292 (2024), life expectancy of 75.32 years (2023). Data from World Bank. Browse 1355+ indicators on NationStat.

North Macedonia: Overview

North Macedonia has a nominal GDP of $16.95B (2024), a GDP per capita of 9,292, the economy grew by 3.0% in 2024. The World Bank classifies North Macedonia as a Upper middle income economy.

With a population of 1.8M (2024), life expectancy stands at 75.3 years, the unemployment rate is 12.3%, inflation is at 3.5%. North Macedonia is located in the Europe & Central Asia region.

NationStat tracks 1355 indicators for North Macedonia, covering economic output, trade, health, education, environment, and infrastructure. All data is sourced from the World Bank Open Data and updated regularly.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the gdp (current us$) of North Macedonia?

The gdp (current us$) of North Macedonia is $16.95B (as of 2024). Source: World Bank Open Data.

What is the gdp per capita (current us$) of North Macedonia?

The gdp per capita (current us$) of North Macedonia is 9,292 (as of 2024). Source: World Bank Open Data.

What is the unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ilo estimate) of North Macedonia?

The unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ilo estimate) of North Macedonia is 12.26 (as of 2025). Source: World Bank Open Data.

What is the life expectancy at birth, total (years) of North Macedonia?

The life expectancy at birth, total (years) of North Macedonia is 75.32 (as of 2023). Source: World Bank Open Data.

What is the population, total of North Macedonia?

The population, total of North Macedonia is 1.8M (as of 2024). Source: World Bank Open Data.

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Agriculture & Rural Development (36)

Fertilizer consumption (% of fertilizer production)

Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land)

Agricultural land (sq. km)

Agricultural land (% of land area)

Arable land (hectares)

Arable land (hectares per person)

Arable land (% of land area)

Land under cereal production (hectares)

Permanent cropland (% of land area)

Rural land area where elevation is below 5 meters (sq. km)

Rural land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area)

Forest area (sq. km)

Forest area (% of land area)

Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land)

Average precipitation in depth (mm per year)

Land area (sq. km)

Rural land area (sq. km)

Cereal production (metric tons)

Crop production index (2014-2016 = 100)

Food production index (2014-2016 = 100)

Livestock production index (2014-2016 = 100)

Surface area (sq. km)

Cereal yield (kg per hectare)

Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population)

Rural population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Annual freshwater withdrawals, agriculture (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP)

Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in agriculture, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Rural population

Rural population growth (annual %)

Rural population (% of total population)

Agricultural raw materials imports (% of merchandise imports)

Agricultural raw materials exports (% of merchandise exports)

Aid Effectiveness (54)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Australia (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Austria (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Belgium (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Canada (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, European Union institutions (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Switzerland (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Czechia (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Germany (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Denmark (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Spain (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Finland (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, France (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, United Kingdom (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Greece (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Hungary (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Ireland (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Iceland (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Italy (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Japan (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Korea, Rep. (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Luxembourg (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Netherlands (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Norway (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Poland (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Portugal (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Slovak Republic (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Slovenia (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Sweden (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Total (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, United States (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, FAO (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, IAEA (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, IFAD (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, ILO (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNAIDS (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNICEF (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNHCR (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNDP (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNFPA (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNPBF (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNTA (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, WFP (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, WHO (current US$)

Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$)

Net official development assistance and official aid received (constant 2023 US$)

Net official development assistance received (current US$)

Net ODA received (% of gross capital formation)

Net ODA received (% of GNI)

Net official development assistance received (constant 2023 US$)

Net ODA received (% of imports of goods, services and primary income)

Net ODA received per capita (current US$)

Net ODA received (% of central government expense)

School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)

Primary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Climate Change(16)

Urban land area where elevation is below 5 meters (sq. km)

Urban land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area)

Land area where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total land area)

Disaster risk reduction progress score (1-5 scale; 5=best)

Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009)

Urban population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Population living in areas where elevation is below 5 meters (% of total population)

Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters)

Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (% of internal resources)

Terrestrial protected areas (% of total land area)

Terrestrial and marine protected areas (% of total territorial area)

Population growth (annual %)

Population, total

Urban population growth (annual %)

Urban population

Urban population (% of total population)

Economy & Growth(245)

Trade in services (% of GDP)

Communications, computer, etc. (% of service imports, BoP)

Primary income payments (BoP, current US$)

Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)

Insurance and financial services (% of service imports, BoP)

Goods imports (BoP, current US$)

Service imports (BoP, current US$)

Charges for the use of intellectual property, payments (BoP, current US$)

Imports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$)

Transport services (% of service imports, BoP)

Travel services (% of service imports, BoP)

Foreign direct investment, net outflows (BoP, current US$)

-64,907,5722024

Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP)

Secondary income, other sectors, payments (BoP, current US$)

Personal remittances, paid (current US$)

Current account balance (BoP, current US$)

-356,019,8732024

Current account balance (% of GDP)

Net financial account (BoP, current US$)

-252,383,8302024

Net primary income (BoP, current US$)

-869,111,5722024

Net trade in goods and services (BoP, current US$)

-2,187,815,4122024

Net trade in goods (BoP, current US$)

-3,335,732,3652024

Net errors and omissions (BoP, current US$)

Foreign direct investment, net (BoP, current US$)

-1,121,751,8462024

Portfolio Investment, net (BoP, current US$)

Reserves and related items (BoP, current US$)

Net secondary income (BoP, current US$)

Net capital account (BoP, current US$)

Grants, excluding technical cooperation (BoP, current US$)

Technical cooperation grants (BoP, current US$)

ICT service exports (BoP, current US$)

ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)

Communications, computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP)

Primary income receipts (BoP, current US$)

Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)

Insurance and financial services (% of service exports, BoP)

Goods exports (BoP, current US$)

Service exports (BoP, current US$)

Charges for the use of intellectual property, receipts (BoP, current US$)

Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$)

Transport services (% of service exports, BoP)

Travel services (% of service exports, BoP)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (BoP, current US$)

Foreign direct investment, net inflows (% of GDP)

Portfolio equity, net inflows (BoP, current US$)

Secondary income receipts (BoP, current US$)

Personal transfers, receipts (BoP, current US$)

Personal remittances, received (current US$)

Personal remittances, received (% of GDP)

External debt stocks, total (DOD, current US$)

External debt stocks (% of GNI)

Short-term debt (% of total reserves)

Short-term debt (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)

Present value of external debt (current US$)

Present value of external debt (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)

Present value of external debt (% of GNI)

Total debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)

Total debt service (% of GNI)

Total reserves (includes gold, current US$)

Total reserves minus gold (current US$)

Inflation, consumer prices (annual %)

Revenue, excluding grants (% of GDP)

Expense (% of GDP)

General government final consumption expenditure (current US$)

General government final consumption expenditure (current LCU)

General government final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$)

General government final consumption expenditure (annual % growth)

General government final consumption expenditure (constant LCU)

General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current LCU)

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure: linked series (current LCU)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (annual % growth)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure per capita growth (annual %)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (current international $)

Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (constant 2021 international $)

Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Final consumption expenditure (current US$)

Final consumption expenditure (current LCU)

Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$)

Final consumption expenditure (annual % growth)

Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU)

Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP)

Gross national expenditure deflator (base year varies by country)

Gross national expenditure (current US$)

Gross national expenditure (current LCU)

Gross national expenditure (constant 2015 US$)

Gross national expenditure (constant LCU)

Gross national expenditure (% of GDP)

Exports of goods and services (current US$)

Exports of goods and services (current LCU)

Exports of goods and services (constant 2015 US$)

Exports of goods and services (annual % growth)

Exports of goods and services (constant LCU)

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP)

Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (current LCU)

Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP)

Gross fixed capital formation (current US$)

Gross fixed capital formation (current LCU)

Gross fixed capital formation (constant 2015 US$)

Gross fixed capital formation (annual % growth)

Gross fixed capital formation (constant LCU)

Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)

Changes in inventories (current US$)

Changes in inventories (current LCU)

Changes in inventories (constant LCU)

Gross capital formation (current US$)

Gross capital formation (current LCU)

Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$)

Gross capital formation (annual % growth)

Gross capital formation (constant LCU)

Gross capital formation (% of GDP)

Imports of goods and services (current US$)

Imports of goods and services (current LCU)

Imports of goods and services (constant 2015 US$)

Imports of goods and services (annual % growth)

Imports of goods and services (constant LCU)

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP)

External balance on goods and services (current US$)

-2,198,034,5692024

External balance on goods and services (current LCU)

-125,008,000,0002024

External balance on goods and services (constant LCU)

-107,371,000,0002024

External balance on goods and services (% of GDP)

Trade (% of GDP)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current LCU)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (constant 2015 US$)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (annual % growth)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (constant LCU)

Industry (including construction), value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Manufacturing, value added (current US$)

Manufacturing, value added (current LCU)

Manufacturing, value added (constant 2015 US$)

Manufacturing, value added (annual % growth)

Manufacturing, value added (constant LCU)

Manufacturing, value added (% of GDP)

Industry (including construction), value added (current US$)

Industry (including construction), value added (current LCU)

Industry (including construction), value added (constant 2015 US$)

Industry (including construction), value added (annual % growth)

Industry (including construction), value added (constant LCU)

Industry (including construction), value added (% of GDP)

Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing)

Food, beverages and tobacco (% of value added in manufacturing)

Machinery and transport equipment (% of value added in manufacturing)

Other manufacturing (% of value added in manufacturing)

Medium and high-tech manufacturing value added (% manufacturing value added)

Textiles and clothing (% of value added in manufacturing)

Services, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$)

Services, value added (current US$)

Services, value added (current LCU)

Services, value added (constant 2015 US$)

Services, value added (annual % growth)

Services, value added (constant LCU)

Services, value added (% of GDP)

Adjusted savings: education expenditure (current US$)

Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: carbon dioxide damage (current US$)

Adjusted savings: carbon dioxide damage (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: net forest depletion (current US$)

Adjusted savings: net forest depletion (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (current US$)

Adjusted savings: consumption of fixed capital (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (current US$)

Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: energy depletion (current US$)

Adjusted savings: energy depletion (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: particulate emission damage (current US$)

Adjusted savings: particulate emission damage (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: gross savings (% of GNI)

Adjusted savings: net national savings (current US$)

Adjusted savings: net national savings (% of GNI)

Adjusted net national income (current US$)

Adjusted net national income (constant 2015 US$)

Adjusted net national income (annual % growth)

Adjusted net national income per capita (current US$)

Adjusted net national income per capita (constant 2015 US$)

Adjusted net national income per capita (annual % growth)

Adjusted net savings, including particulate emission damage (current US$)

Adjusted net savings, including particulate emission damage (% of GNI)

Adjusted net savings, excluding particulate emission damage (current US$)

Adjusted net savings, excluding particulate emission damage (% of GNI)

Exports as a capacity to import (constant LCU)

Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)

GDP deflator (base year varies by country)

Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (current LCU)

Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (constant LCU)

Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current US$)

Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current LCU)

Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (constant 2015 US$)

Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (constant LCU)

GDP (current US$)

GDP (current LCU)

GDP: linked series (current LCU)

GDP (constant 2015 US$)

GDP growth (annual %)

GDP (constant LCU)

GDP, PPP (current international $)

GDP, PPP (constant 2021 international $)

GDP per capita (current US$)

GDP per capita (current LCU)

GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$)

GDP per capita growth (annual %)

GDP per capita (constant LCU)

GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)

GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $)

Gross domestic savings (current US$)

Gross domestic savings (current LCU)

Gross domestic savings (% of GDP)

Gross domestic income (constant LCU)

GNI, Atlas method (current US$)

GNI (current US$)

GNI (current LCU)

GNI: linked series (current LCU)

GNI (constant 2015 US$)

GNI growth (annual %)

GNI (constant LCU)

GNI, PPP (current international $)

GNI, PPP (constant 2021 international $)

GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)

GNI per capita (current LCU)

GNI per capita (constant 2015 US$)

GNI per capita growth (annual %)

GNI per capita (constant LCU)

GNI per capita, PPP (current international $)

GNI per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $)

Gross savings (current US$)

Gross savings (current LCU)

Gross savings (% of GNI)

Gross savings (% of GDP)

Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current US$)

-866,840,0002024

Net primary income (Net income from abroad) (current LCU)

-49,299,467,9192024

Taxes less subsidies on products (current US$)

Taxes less subsidies on products (current LCU)

Taxes less subsidies on products (constant LCU)

Net secondary income (Net current transfers from abroad) (current US$)

Net secondary income (Net current transfers from abroad) (current LCU)

Net secondary income (Net current transfers from abroad) (constant LCU)

Terms of trade adjustment (constant LCU)

DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$)

PPP conversion factor, GDP (LCU per international $)

Price level ratio of PPP conversion factor (GDP) to market exchange rate

PPP conversion factor, private consumption (LCU per international $)

Education (142)

Literacy rate, youth female (% of females ages 15-24)

Literacy rate, youth (ages 15-24), gender parity index (GPI)

Literacy rate, youth male (% of males ages 15-24)

Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)

Literacy rate, adult male (% of males ages 15 and above)

Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above)

Compulsory education, duration (years)

School enrollment, primary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)

School enrollment, secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)

School enrollment, tertiary (gross), gender parity index (GPI)

Learning poverty: Share of Female Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

Learning poverty: Share of Male Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

Preprimary education, duration (years)

Pupil-teacher ratio, preprimary

School enrollment, preprimary (% gross)

School enrollment, preprimary, female (% gross)

School enrollment, preprimary, male (% gross)

Primary school starting age (years)

Primary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Primary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative)

Primary education, duration (years)

Primary education, pupils

Primary education, pupils (% female)

Pupil-teacher ratio, primary

School enrollment, primary (% gross)

School enrollment, primary, female (% gross)

School enrollment, primary, male (% gross)

Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, female (% of relevant age group)

Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group)

Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group)

School enrollment, primary (% net)

School enrollment, primary, female (% net)

School enrollment, primary, male (% net)

Net intake rate in grade 1, female (% of official school-age population)

Net intake rate in grade 1, male (% of official school-age population)

Net intake rate in grade 1 (% of official school-age population)

Over-age students, primary, female (% of female enrollment)

Over-age students, primary, male (% of male enrollment)

Over-age students, primary (% of enrollment)

School enrollment, primary, private (% of total primary)

Persistence to grade 5, female (% of cohort)

Persistence to grade 5, male (% of cohort)

Persistence to grade 5, total (% of cohort)

Persistence to last grade of primary, female (% of cohort)

Persistence to last grade of primary, male (% of cohort)

Persistence to last grade of primary, total (% of cohort)

Repeaters, primary, female (% of female enrollment)

Repeaters, primary, male (% of male enrollment)

Repeaters, primary, total (% of total enrollment)

Primary education, teachers

Primary education, teachers (% female)

Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary (% of primary school age children)

Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children)

Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, male (% of primary school age children)

Children out of school, primary

Children out of school, primary, female

Children out of school, female (% of female primary school age)

Children out of school, primary, male

Children out of school, male (% of male primary school age)

Children out of school (% of primary school age)

Lower secondary school starting age (years)

Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant age group)

Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age group)

Lower secondary completion rate, total (% of relevant age group)

Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed post-secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed upper secondary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Secondary education, duration (years)

Secondary education, pupils

Secondary education, pupils (% female)

Secondary education, general pupils

Secondary education, general pupils (% female)

Pupil-teacher ratio, lower secondary

Pupil-teacher ratio, secondary

Pupil-teacher ratio, upper secondary

Secondary education, vocational pupils

Secondary education, vocational pupils (% female)

School enrollment, secondary (% gross)

School enrollment, secondary, female (% gross)

School enrollment, secondary, male (% gross)

School enrollment, secondary (% net)

School enrollment, secondary, female (% net)

School enrollment, secondary, male (% net)

School enrollment, secondary, private (% of total secondary)

Progression to secondary school, female (%)

Progression to secondary school, male (%)

Progression to secondary school (%)

Secondary education, teachers

Secondary education, teachers, female

Secondary education, teachers (% female)

Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age)

Adolescents out of school, male (% of male lower secondary school age)

Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age)

Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, Doctoral or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative)

Educational attainment, at least completed short-cycle tertiary, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative)

Pupil-teacher ratio, tertiary

School enrollment, tertiary (% gross)

School enrollment, tertiary, female (% gross)

School enrollment, tertiary, male (% gross)

Tertiary education, academic staff (% female)

Current education expenditure, tertiary (% of total expenditure in tertiary public institutions)

Current education expenditure, total (% of total expenditure in public institutions)

Expenditure on primary education (% of government expenditure on education)

Expenditure on secondary education (% of government expenditure on education)

Government expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita)

Expenditure on tertiary education (% of government expenditure on education)

Government expenditure on education, total (% of government expenditure)

Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP)

Number of deaths ages 5-9 years

Number of deaths ages 10-14 years

Number of deaths ages 15-19 years

Number of deaths ages 20-24 years

Probability of dying among children ages 5-9 years (per 1,000)

Probability of dying among adolescents ages 10-14 years (per 1,000)

Probability of dying among adolescents ages 15-19 years (per 1,000)

Probability of dying among youth ages 20-24 years (per 1,000)

Labor force, female (% of total labor force)

Labor force, total

Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)

Population ages 0-14 (% of total population)

Population ages 15-64 (% of total population)

Energy & Mining (35)

Energy intensity level of primary energy (MJ/$2021 PPP GDP)

Access to electricity, urban (% of urban population)

Access to electricity (% of population)

Electricity production from coal sources (% of total)

Electricity production from oil, gas and coal sources (% of total)

Electricity production from hydroelectric sources (% of total)

Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output)

Electricity production from natural gas sources (% of total)

Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total)

Electricity production from oil sources (% of total)

Renewable electricity output (% of total electricity output)

Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (kWh)

Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric (% of total)

Renewable energy consumption (% of total final energy consumption)

GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

GDP per unit of energy use (constant 2021 PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent)

Energy imports, net (% of energy use)

Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use)

Fossil fuel energy consumption (% of total)

Energy use (kg of oil equivalent) per $1,000 GDP (constant 2021 PPP)

Combustible renewables and waste (% of total energy)

Electric power consumption (kWh per capita)

Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)

Time to obtain an electrical connection (days)

Firms using banks to finance investment (% of firms)

Value lost due to electrical outages (% of sales for affected firms)

Investment in energy with private participation (current US$)

Mineral rents (% of GDP)

Natural gas rents (% of GDP)

Oil rents (% of GDP)

Total natural resources rents (% of GDP)

Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports)

Ores and metals imports (% of merchandise imports)

Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports)

Ores and metals exports (% of merchandise exports)

Environment (60)

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, rural (% of rural population)

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, urban (% of urban population)

Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population)

PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-1 value (% of total)

PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-2 value (% of total)

PM2.5 pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO Interim Target-3 value (% of total)

Bird species, threatened

Fish species, threatened

Total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

Methane (CH4) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Deforestation (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Forest Land (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Total excluding non-tropical fires (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Other Land (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) net fluxes from LULUCF - Organic Soil (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions excluding LULUCF per capita (t CO2e/capita)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Carbon intensity of GDP (kg CO2e per constant 2015 US$ of GDP)

Carbon intensity of GDP (kg CO2e per 2021 PPP $ of GDP)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

F-gases emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Agriculture (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Building (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Fugitive Emissions (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Combustion (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Industrial Processes (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Power Industry (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Transport (Energy) (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from Waste (Mt CO2e)

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (total) excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Total greenhouse gas emissions excluding LULUCF (% change from 1990)

Plant species (higher), threatened

Mammal species, threatened

Aquaculture production (metric tons)

Capture fisheries production (metric tons)

Total fisheries production (metric tons)

Water productivity, total (constant 2015 US$ GDP per cubic meter of total freshwater withdrawal)

Level of water stress: freshwater withdrawal as a proportion of available freshwater resources

Coal rents (% of GDP)

Forest rents (% of GDP)

External Debt(33)

Use of IMF credit (DOD, current US$)

External debt stocks, long-term (DOD, current US$)

External debt stocks, private nonguaranteed (PNG) (DOD, current US$)

External debt stocks, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (DOD, current US$)

External debt stocks, short-term (DOD, current US$)

Short-term debt (% of total external debt)

PPG, IBRD (DOD, current US$)

PPG, IDA (DOD, current US$)

IBRD loans and IDA credits (DOD, current US$)

Net financial flows, bilateral (NFL, current US$)

Net flows on external debt, private nonguaranteed (PNG) (NFL, current US$)

Net financial flows, IMF nonconcessional (NFL, current US$)

Net financial flows, IBRD (NFL, current US$)

-30,681,0002024

Net financial flows, IDA (NFL, current US$)

-16,121,0002024

Net financial flows, others (NFL, current US$)

-27,738,4262024

IFC, private nonguaranteed (NFL, US$)

PPG, official creditors (NFL, US$)

PPG, bonds (NFL, current US$)

PPG, commercial banks (NFL, current US$)

-139,685,0002024

Commercial banks and other lending (PPG + PNG) (NFL, current US$)

PNG, bonds (NFL, current US$)

PNG, commercial banks and other creditors (NFL, current US$)

PPG, other private creditors (NFL, current US$)

PPG, private creditors (NFL, US$)

-139,685,0002024

Net financial flows, RDB nonconcessional (NFL, current US$)

Debt service on external debt, total (TDS, current US$)

IMF repurchases and charges (TDS, current US$)

Debt service (PPG and IMF only, % of exports of goods, services and primary income)

Debt service on external debt, public and publicly guaranteed (PPG) (TDS, current US$)

Public and publicly guaranteed debt service (% of GNI)

Public and publicly guaranteed debt service (% of exports of goods, services and primary income)

Multilateral debt service (TDS, current US$)

Multilateral debt service (% of public and publicly guaranteed debt service)

Financial Sector (47)

Portfolio investment, bonds (PPG + PNG) (NFL, current US$)

Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans (%)

Automated teller machines (ATMs) (per 100,000 adults)

Bank capital to assets ratio (%)

Commercial bank branches (per 100,000 adults)

Borrowers from commercial banks (per 1,000 adults)

Depositors with commercial banks (per 1,000 adults)

Domestic credit to private sector by banks (% of GDP)

Bank liquid reserves to bank assets ratio (%)

Total reserves (% of total external debt)

Total reserves in months of imports

Claims on central government (annual growth as % of broad money)

Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money)

Net domestic credit (current LCU)

Net foreign assets (current LCU)

Monetary Sector credit to private sector (% GDP)

Claims on private sector (annual growth as % of broad money)

Broad money (current LCU)

Broad money (% of GDP)

Broad money to total reserves ratio

Broad money growth (annual %)

Consumer price index (2010 = 100)

Deposit interest rate (%)

Lending interest rate (%)

Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %)

Real interest rate (%)

Claims on central government, etc. (% GDP)

Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (% of GDP)

Domestic credit provided by financial sector (% of GDP)

Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, poorest 40% (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, richest 60% (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, older adults (% of population ages 25+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, primary education or less (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, secondary education or more (% of population ages 15+)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider, young adults (% of population ages 15-24)

Account ownership at a financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider (% of population ages 15+)

Inflation, GDP deflator: linked series (annual %)

GDP deflator: linked series (base year varies by country)

Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average)

Real effective exchange rate index (2010 = 100)

Average transaction cost of sending remittances to a specific country (%)

International migrant stock, total

International migrant stock (% of population)

Gender(5)

Literacy rate, adult female (% of females ages 15 and above)

Women making their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care (% of women age 15-49)

Women Business and the Law Index Score (scale 1-100)

Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, female (% of 24 hour day)

Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, male (% of 24 hour day)

Health (202)

Total alcohol consumption per capita, female (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, female 15+ years of age)

Total alcohol consumption per capita (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, 15+ years of age)

Total alcohol consumption per capita, male (liters of pure alcohol, projected estimates, male 15+ years of age)

Prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age (% of women ages 15-49)

Prevalence of anemia among children (% of children ages 6-59 months)

Prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant women (% of women ages 15-49)

Cause of death, by communicable diseases and maternal, prenatal and nutrition conditions (% of total)

Number of infant deaths

Cause of death, by injury (% of total)

Number of under-five deaths

Cause of death, by non-communicable diseases (% of total)

Number of neonatal deaths

Women's share of population ages 15+ living with HIV (%)

Prevalence of HIV, total (% of population ages 15-49)

Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births)

Mortality rate, under-5, female (per 1,000 live births)

Mortality rate, under-5, male (per 1,000 live births)

Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, female (%)

Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70, male (%)

Mortality from CVD, cancer, diabetes or CRD between exact ages 30 and 70 (%)

Mortality rate, neonatal (per 1,000 live births)

People using at least basic drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

People using at least basic drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)

People using at least basic drinking water services (% of population)

People using safely managed drinking water services, rural (% of rural population)

People using safely managed drinking water services, urban (% of urban population)

People using safely managed drinking water services (% of population)

Prevalence of HIV, female (% ages 15-24)

Prevalence of HIV, male (% ages 15-24)

Antiretroviral therapy coverage (% of people living with HIV)

Adults (ages 15-49) newly infected with HIV

Adults (ages 15+) and children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV

Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population)

Young people (ages 15-24) newly infected with HIV

Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24)

Incidence of HIV, ages 15-49 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-49)

Immunization, HepB3 (% of one-year-old children)

Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Nurses and midwives (per 1,000 people)

Physicians (per 1,000 people)

Specialist surgical workforce (per 100,000 population)

Number of maternal deaths

Lifetime risk of maternal death (1 in: rate varies by country)

Lifetime risk of maternal death (%)

Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women (%)

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, female (per 100,000 female population)

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized, male (per 100,000 male population)

Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, age-standardized (per 100,000 population)

Pregnant women receiving prenatal care (%)

ARI treatment (% of children under 5 taken to a health provider)

People using at least basic sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

People using at least basic sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)

People using at least basic sanitation services (% of population)

Exclusive breastfeeding (% of children under 6 months)

Births attended by skilled health staff (% of total)

Low-birthweight babies (% of births)

Diabetes prevalence (% of population ages 20 to 79)

People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, rural (% of rural population)

People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water, urban (% of urban population)

People with basic handwashing facilities including soap and water (% of population)

Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, female (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of underweight, weight for age, male (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of underweight, weight for age (% of children under 5)

Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births)

People practicing open defecation, rural (% of rural population)

People practicing open defecation, urban (% of urban population)

People practicing open defecation (% of population)

Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 receiving oral rehydration and continued feeding)

Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning (per 100,000 population)

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, female (per 100,000 female population)

Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning, male (per 100,000 male population)

People using safely managed sanitation services, rural (% of rural population)

People using safely managed sanitation services, urban (% of urban population)

People using safely managed sanitation services (% of population)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age, female (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age, male (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age (% of children under 5)

Suicide mortality rate, female (per 100,000 female population)

Suicide mortality rate, male (per 100,000 male population)

Suicide mortality rate (per 100,000 population)

Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 population)

Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene (per 100,000 population)

Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, female (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height, male (% of children under 5)

Prevalence of severe wasting, weight for height (% of children under 5)

Tuberculosis treatment success rate (% of new cases)

Tuberculosis case detection rate (%, all forms)

Incidence of tuberculosis (per 100,000 people)

Current health expenditure (% of GDP)

Current health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Current health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)

External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

External health expenditure per capita (current US$)

External health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)

Domestic general government health expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Domestic general government health expenditure (% of GDP)

Domestic general government health expenditure (% of general government expenditure)

Domestic general government health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Domestic general government health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)

Out-of-pocket expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Out-of-pocket expenditure per capita (current US$)

Out-of-pocket expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)

Domestic private health expenditure (% of current health expenditure)

Domestic private health expenditure per capita (current US$)

Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $)

Prevalence of undernourishment (% of population)

Prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Prevalence of severe food insecurity in the population (%)

Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 15-19)

Mortality rate, adult, female (per 1,000 female adults)

Mortality rate, adult, male (per 1,000 male adults)

Birth rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

Death rate, crude (per 1,000 people)

Contraceptive prevalence, any modern method (% of married women ages 15-49)

Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49)

Mortality rate, infant, female (per 1,000 live births)

Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births)

Mortality rate, infant, male (per 1,000 live births)

Life expectancy at birth, female (years)

Life expectancy at birth, total (years)

Life expectancy at birth, male (years)

Fertility rate, total (births per woman)

Survival to age 65, female (% of cohort)

Survival to age 65, male (% of cohort)

Women who were first married by age 15 (% of women ages 20-24)

Women who were first married by age 18 (% of women ages 20-24)

Population ages 00-04, female (% of female population)

Population ages 00-04, male (% of male population)

Population ages 0-14, female

Population ages 0-14, female (% of female population)

Population ages 0-14, male

Population ages 0-14, male (% of male population)

Population ages 0-14, total

Population ages 05-09, female (% of female population)

Population ages 05-09, male (% of male population)

Population ages 10-14, female (% of female population)

Population ages 10-14, male (% of male population)

Population ages 15-19, female (% of female population)

Population ages 15-19, male (% of male population)

Population ages 15-64, female

Population ages 15-64, female (% of female population)

Population ages 15-64, male

Population ages 15-64, male (% of male population)

Population ages 15-64, total

Population ages 20-24, female (% of female population)

Population ages 20-24, male (% of male population)

Population ages 25-29, female (% of female population)

Population ages 25-29, male (% of male population)

Population ages 30-34, female (% of female population)

Population ages 30-34, male (% of male population)

Population ages 35-39, female (% of female population)

Population ages 35-39, male (% of male population)

Population ages 40-44, female (% of female population)

Population ages 40-44, male (% of male population)

Population ages 45-49, female (% of female population)

Population ages 45-49, male (% of male population)

Population ages 50-54, female (% of female population)

Population ages 50-54, male (% of male population)

Population ages 55-59, female (% of female population)

Population ages 55-59, male (% of male population)

Population ages 60-64, female (% of female population)

Population ages 60-64, male (% of male population)

Population ages 65-69, female (% of female population)

Population ages 65-69, male (% of male population)

Population ages 65 and above, female

Population ages 65 and above, female (% of female population)

Population ages 65 and above, male

Population ages 65 and above, male (% of male population)

Population ages 65 and above, total

Population ages 65 and above (% of total population)

Population ages 70-74, female (% of female population)

Population ages 70-74, male (% of male population)

Population ages 75-79, female (% of female population)

Population ages 75-79, male (% of male population)

Population ages 80 and above, female (% of female population)

Population ages 80 and above, male (% of male population)

Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births)

Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population)

Age dependency ratio, old (% of working-age population)

Age dependency ratio, young (% of working-age population)

Population, female

Population, female (% of total population)

Population, male

Population, male (% of total population)

Completeness of birth registration, female (%)

Completeness of birth registration, male (%)

Completeness of birth registration, rural (%)

Completeness of birth registration, urban (%)

Completeness of birth registration (%)

Completeness of death registration with cause-of-death information (%)

Unmet need for contraception (% of married women ages 15-49)

Infrastructure (31)

Annual freshwater withdrawals, domestic (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Annual freshwater withdrawals, industry (% of total freshwater withdrawal)

Renewable internal freshwater resources, total (billion cubic meters)

Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita (cubic meters)

Investment in ICT with private participation (current US$)

Investment in transport with private participation (current US$)

Public private partnerships investment in energy (current US$)

Public private partnerships investment in transport (current US$)

Industrial design applications, nonresident, by count

Industrial design applications, resident, by count

Trademark applications, nonresident, by count

Trademark applications, resident, by count

Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide

Air transport, freight (million ton-km)

Air transport, passengers carried

Railways, goods transported (million ton-km)

Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km)

Rail lines (total route-km)

Mobile cellular subscriptions

Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people)

Fixed telephone subscriptions

Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people)

Fixed broadband subscriptions

Fixed broadband subscriptions (per 100 people)

Secure Internet servers

Secure Internet servers (per 1 million people)

Individuals using the Internet, female (% of female population)

Individuals using the Internet, male (% of male population)

Individuals using the Internet (% of population)

ICT goods imports (% total goods imports)

ICT goods exports (% of total goods exports)

Other(105)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Estonia (current US$)

Net bilateral aid flows from DAC donors, Lithuania (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, SDGFUND (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, SPRP (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNCOVID (current US$)

Net official flows from UN agencies, UNWOMEN (current US$)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): education pillar score, female (scale 0–188)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): education pillar score, male (scale 0–188)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): education pillar score, total (scale 0–188)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): health pillar score, female (scale 0–50)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): health pillar score, male (scale 0–50)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): health pillar score, total (scale 0–50)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): on-the-job learning pillar score, female (scale -30–87)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): on-the-job learning pillar score, male (scale -30–87)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): on-the-job learning pillar score, total (scale -30–87)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): overall score, female (scale 0–325)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): overall score, male (scale 0–325)

Human capital index plus (HCI+): overall score, total (scale 0–325)

B-READY: Business Entry: Overall Score

B-READY: Business Entry Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for Business Entry

B-READY: Business Entry Pillar 2: Digital Public Services and Transparency of Information for Business Entry

B-READY: Business Entry Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Business Entry

B-READY: Business Insolvency: Overall Score

B-READY: Business Insolvency Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for Judicial Insolvency Proceedings

B-READY: Business Insolvency Pillar 2: Quality of Institutional and Operational Infrastructure for Judicial Insolvency Proceedings

B-READY: Business Insolvency Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Resolving Judicial Insolvency Proceedings

B-READY: Business Location: Overall Score

B-READY: Business Location Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for Business Location

B-READY: Business Location Pillar 2: Quality of Public Services and Transparency of Information for Business Location

B-READY: Business Location Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Establishing a Business Location

B-READY: Dispute Resolution: Overall Score

B-READY: Dispute Resolution Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for Dispute Resolution

B-READY: Dispute Resolution Pillar 2: Public Services for Dispute Resolution

B-READY: Dispute Resolution Pillar 3: Ease of Resolving a Commercial Dispute

B-READY: Financial Services: Overall Score

B-READY: Financial Services Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for Financial Services

B-READY: Financial Services Pillar 2: Accessibility of Information in Credit Infrastructure

B-READY: Financial Services Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Receiving Financial Services

B-READY: International Trade: Overall Score

B-READY: International Trade Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations for International Trade

B-READY: International Trade Pillar 2: Quality of Public Services for the Facilitation of International Trade

B-READY: International Trade Pillar 3: Efficiency of Importing Goods, Exporting Goods, and Engaging in Digital Trade

B-READY: Labor: Overall Score

B-READY: Labor Pillar 1: Quality of Labor Regulations

B-READY: Labor Pillar 2: Adequacy of Public Services for Labor

B-READY: Labor Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Labor Regulations and Public Services in Practice

B-READY: Market Competition: Overall Score

B-READY: Market Competition Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations that Promote Market Competition

B-READY: Market Competition Pillar 2: Public Services that Promote Market Competition

B-READY: Market Competition Pillar 3: Implementation of Key Services Promoting Market Competition

B-READY: Pillar 1: Regulatory Framework

B-READY: Pillar 2: Public Services

B-READY: Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency

B-READY: Taxation: Overall Score

B-READY: Taxation Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations on Taxation

B-READY: Taxation Pillar 2: Public Services Provided by the Tax Administration

B-READY: Taxation Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Tax Systems in Practice

B-READY: Utility Services: Overall Score

B-READY: Utility Services Pillar 1: Quality of Regulations on Utility Services

B-READY: Utility Services Pillar 2: Quality of Governance and Transparency of Utility Services

B-READY: Utility Services Pillar 3: Operational Efficiency of Utility Service Provision

Average time to clear imports through customs (days)

Firms with a bank loan/line of credit (% of firms)

Firms that use a third party to resolve commercial disputes (% of firms)

Firms monitoring own CO2 emissions (% of firms)

Firms that are fully credit constrained (% of firms)

Firms that are partially credit constrained (% of firms)

Firms adopting energy management measures to reduce emissions (% of firms)

Firms exporting directly at least 10% of sales (% of firms)

Firms with at least 10% foreign ownership

Firms where largest owner is also the top manager (% of firms)

Firms that introduced a new product/service and process, and spent on R&D

Firms filling taxes electronically (% of firms)

Management practices index

Learning poverty: Share of Children at the End-of-Primary age below minimum reading proficiency adjusted by Out-of-School Children (%)

Pupils below minimum reading proficiency at end of primary (%). Low GAML threshold

Female pupils below minimum reading proficiency at end of primary (%). Low GAML threshold

Male pupils below minimum reading proficiency at end of primary (%). Low GAML threshold

Primary school age children out-of-school (%)

Female primary school age children out-of-school (%)

Male primary school age children out-of-school (%)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, female (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Prevalence of overweight, weight for height, male (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age, female (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Prevalence of stunting, height for age, male (modeled estimate, % of children under 5)

Proportion of population facing financial hardship due to out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

Proportion of population further impoverished due to out-of-pocket health expenditure, based on the societal poverty line (%)

Proportion of population facing impoverishing out-of-pocket health expenditure, based on the societal poverty line (%)

Proportion of population facing large (but non-impoverishing) out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

Proportion of population pushed into poverty (based on the societal poverty line) due to out-of-pocket health expenditure (%)

UHC service coverage index

UHC service coverage sub-index on service capacity and access

UHC service coverage sub-index on infectious diseases

UHC service coverage sub-index on non-communicable diseases

UHC service coverage sub-index on reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health

Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio (UNDP) (% of population)

Multidimensional poverty headcount ratio (World Bank) (% of population)

Poverty headcount ratio at societal poverty line (% of population)

Prosperity gap (average shortfall from a prosperity standard of $28/day)

Asylum-seekers by country or territory of asylum

Asylum-seekers by country or territory of origin

Forcibly displaced people

Internally displaced people (IDP) by country or territory of asylum / origin

Refugees under the mandate of the UNHCR by country or territory of asylum

Refugees under the mandate of the UNHCR by country or territory of origin

Poverty (21)

Population living in slums (% of urban population)

Income share held by second 20%

Income share held by third 20%

Income share held by fourth 20%

Income share held by highest 20%

Income share held by highest 10%

Proportion of people living below 50 percent of median income (%)

Income share held by lowest 10%

Income share held by lowest 20%

Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

Poverty gap at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (%)

Poverty headcount ratio at $4.20 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

Poverty gap at $4.20 a day (2021 PPP) (%)

Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty lines (% of population)

Poverty headcount ratio at $8.30 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)

Poverty gap at $8.30 a day (2021 PPP) (%)

Survey mean consumption or income per capita, bottom 40% of population (2021 PPP $ per day)

Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, bottom 40% of population (%)

Survey mean consumption or income per capita, total population (2021 PPP $ per day)

Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%)

Private Sector(103)

New business density (new registrations per 1,000 people ages 15-64)

New businesses registered (number)

Average time to clear exports through customs (days)

Firms experiencing electrical outages (% of firms)

Firms using banks to finance working capital (% of firms)

Bribery incidence (% of firms experiencing at least one bribe payment request)

Firms competing against unregistered firms (% of firms)

Informal payments to public officials (% of firms)

Time required to obtain an operating license (days)

Firms with female top manager (% of firms)

Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms)

Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms)

Firms visited or required meetings with tax officials (% of firms)

Firms offering formal training (% of firms)

Time spent dealing with the requirements of government regulations (% of senior management time)

Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms)

Number of visits or required meetings with tax officials (average for affected firms)

Lead time to import, median case (days)

Logistics performance index: Efficiency of customs clearance process (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Quality of trade and transport-related infrastructure (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Ease of arranging competitively priced shipments (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Competence and quality of logistics services (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Overall (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Frequency with which shipments reach consignee within scheduled or expected time (1=low to 5=high)

Logistics performance index: Ability to track and trace consignments (1=low to 5=high)

International tourism, number of arrivals

International tourism, receipts (current US$)

International tourism, receipts (% of total exports)

International tourism, receipts for passenger transport items (current US$)

International tourism, expenditures for passenger transport items (current US$)

International tourism, receipts for travel items (current US$)

International tourism, expenditures for travel items (current US$)

International tourism, expenditures (current US$)

International tourism, expenditures (% of total imports)

Merchandise trade (% of GDP)

Import volume index (2015 = 100)

Binding coverage, manufactured products (%)

Bound rate, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, manufactured products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, manufactured products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, manufactured products (%)

Binding coverage, all products (%)

Bound rate, simple mean, all products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, all products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, all products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, all products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, all products (%)

Binding coverage, primary products (%)

Bound rate, simple mean, primary products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, simple mean, primary products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, simple mean, primary products (%)

Tariff rate, applied, weighted mean, primary products (%)

Tariff rate, most favored nation, weighted mean, primary products (%)

Import unit value index (2015 = 100)

Food imports (% of merchandise imports)

Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service imports)

Manufactures imports (% of merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from economies in the Arab World (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports (current US$)

Merchandise imports from high-income economies (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports by the reporting economy, residual (% of total merchandise imports)

Merchandise imports by the reporting economy (current US$)

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise imports)

Import value index (2015 = 100)

Computer, communications and other services (% of commercial service imports)

Commercial service imports (current US$)

Transport services (% of commercial service imports)

Travel services (% of commercial service imports)

Net barter terms of trade index (2015 = 100)

Medium and high-tech exports (% manufactured exports)

Export volume index (2015 = 100)

Export unit value index (2015 = 100)

Food exports (% of merchandise exports)

Insurance and financial services (% of commercial service exports)

Manufactures exports (% of merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to economies in the Arab World (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports (current US$)

Merchandise exports to high-income economies (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies outside region (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Latin America & the Caribbean (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in South Asia (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Sub-Saharan Africa (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports by the reporting economy, residual (% of total merchandise exports)

Merchandise exports by the reporting economy (current US$)

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise exports)

Export value index (2015 = 100)

Computer, communications and other services (% of commercial service exports)

Commercial service exports (current US$)

High-technology exports (current US$)

High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports)

Transport services (% of commercial service exports)

Travel services (% of commercial service exports)

Public Sector (98)

Control of Corruption: Estimate

Control of Corruption: Number of Sources

Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank

Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Control of Corruption: Standard Error

Net acquisition of financial assets (current LCU)

Net acquisition of financial assets (% of GDP)

Net incurrence of liabilities, total (current LCU)

Net incurrence of liabilities, total (% of GDP)

Net investment in nonfinancial assets (current LCU)

Net investment in nonfinancial assets (% of GDP)

Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (current LCU)

-41,386,161,6962023

Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)

Grants and other revenue (current LCU)

Grants and other revenue (% of revenue)

Social contributions (current LCU)

Social contributions (% of revenue)

Revenue, excluding grants (current LCU)

Taxes on exports (current LCU)

Taxes on exports (% of tax revenue)

Taxes on goods and services (current LCU)

Taxes on goods and services (% of revenue)

Taxes on goods and services (% value added of industry and services)

Customs and other import duties (current LCU)

Customs and other import duties (% of tax revenue)

Taxes on international trade (current LCU)

Taxes on international trade (% of revenue)

Other taxes (current LCU)

Other taxes (% of revenue)

Tax revenue (current LCU)

Tax revenue (% of GDP)

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (current LCU)

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of total taxes)

Compensation of employees (current LCU)

Compensation of employees (% of expense)

Goods and services expense (current LCU)

Goods and services expense (% of expense)

Interest payments (current LCU)

Interest payments (% of revenue)

Interest payments (% of expense)

Other expense (current LCU)

Other expense (% of expense)

Expense (current LCU)

Subsidies and other transfers (current LCU)

Subsidies and other transfers (% of expense)

Government Effectiveness: Estimate

Government Effectiveness: Number of Sources

Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank

Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Government Effectiveness: Standard Error

Primary government expenditures as a proportion of original approved budget (%)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Overall score (scale 0-100)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 1 data use score (scale 0-100)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 2 data services score (scale 0-100)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 3 data products score (scale 0-100)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 4 data sources score (scale 0-100)

Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 5 data infrastructure score (scale 0-100)

Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values)

Armed forces personnel, total

Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force)

Military expenditure (current USD)

Military expenditure (current LCU)

Military expenditure (% of GDP)

Military expenditure (% of general government expenditure)

Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values)

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Estimate

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Number of Sources

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Percentile Rank

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism: Standard Error

Rule of Law: Estimate

Rule of Law: Number of Sources

Rule of Law: Percentile Rank

Rule of Law: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Rule of Law: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Rule of Law: Standard Error

Regulatory Quality: Estimate

Regulatory Quality: Number of Sources

Regulatory Quality: Percentile Rank

Regulatory Quality: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Regulatory Quality: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Regulatory Quality: Standard Error

Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%)

Voice and Accountability: Estimate

Voice and Accountability: Number of Sources

Voice and Accountability: Percentile Rank

Voice and Accountability: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Voice and Accountability: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval

Voice and Accountability: Standard Error

Battle-related deaths (number of people)

Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with disasters (number of cases)

Intentional homicides, female (per 100,000 female)

Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male)

Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people)

Science & Technology (6)

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Scientific and technical journal articles

Patent applications, nonresidents

Patent applications, residents

Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Technicians in R&D (per million people)

Social Protection & Labor(109)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Self-employed, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Self-employed, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Self-employed, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (national estimate)

Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Vulnerable employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Wage and salaried workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Wage and salaried workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Wage and salaried workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Children in employment, unpaid family workers, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Children in employment, unpaid family workers, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)

Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)

Contributing family workers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Contributing family workers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Contributing family workers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

GDP per person employed (constant 2021 PPP $)

Employment in industry, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in industry, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in services, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Employment in services (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)

Children in employment, female (% of female children ages 7-14)

Children in employment, male (% of male children ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, study and work, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, study and work, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, study and work, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, study and work, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, study and work, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, working only, female, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, work only, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, work only, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)

Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week)

Children in employment, work only (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)

Children in employment, total (% of children ages 7-14)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15-64) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force with advanced education, female (% of female working-age population with advanced education)

Labor force with advanced education, male (% of male working-age population with advanced education)

Labor force with advanced education (% of total working-age population with advanced education)

Labor force with basic education, female (% of female working-age population with basic education)

Labor force with basic education, male (% of male working-age population with basic education)

Labor force with basic education (% of total working-age population with basic education)

Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (national estimate)

Ratio of female to male labor force participation rate (%) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (national estimate)

Labor force participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) (modeled ILO estimate)

Labor force with intermediate education, female (% of female working-age population with intermediate education)

Labor force with intermediate education, male (% of male working-age population with intermediate education)

Labor force with intermediate education (% of total working-age population with intermediate education)

Part time employment, female (% of total female employment)

Part time employment, male (% of total male employment)

Part time employment, total (% of total employment)

Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)

Unemployment, youth female (% of female labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)

Unemployment, youth male (% of male labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (national estimate)

Unemployment, youth total (% of total labor force ages 15-24) (modeled ILO estimate)

Unemployment with advanced education, female (% of female labor force with advanced education)

Unemployment with advanced education, male (% of male labor force with advanced education)

Unemployment with advanced education (% of total labor force with advanced education)

Unemployment with basic education, female (% of female labor force with basic education)

Unemployment with basic education, male (% of male labor force with basic education)

Unemployment with basic education (% of total labor force with basic education)

Unemployment with intermediate education, female (% of female labor force with intermediate education)

Unemployment with intermediate education, male (% of male labor force with intermediate education)

Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force with intermediate education)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, female (% of female youth population)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, male (% of male youth population)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population) (modeled ILO estimate)

Share of youth not in education, employment or training, total (% of youth population)

Unemployment, female (% of female labor force) (national estimate)

Unemployment, male (% of male labor force) (national estimate)

Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate)

Children in employment, wage workers, female (% of female children in employment, ages 7-14)

Children in employment, wage workers, male (% of male children in employment, ages 7-14)

Children in employment, wage workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14)

Trade(1)

Lead time to export, median case (days)

Urban Development (6)

Urban land area (sq. km)

PM2.5 air pollution, mean annual exposure (micrograms per cubic meter)

PM2.5 air pollution, population exposed to levels exceeding WHO guideline value (% of total)

Population density (people per sq. km of land area)

Population in largest city

Population in the largest city (% of urban population)